Shrimp farming is one of the effective methods for establishing businesses and fostering the country's economic growth. In this article, (Nasser Zarringhalam), a shrimp farmer, has outlined many key points of shrimp farming, an attractive yet challenging profession, for shrimp farming enthusiasts:

What is Shrimp Farming?

Shrimp farming is the process of raising and maintaining shrimp in controlled environments such as open ponds and indoor tanks. This is done to produce shrimp in large quantities for profit and commercial purposes. Shrimp farming can be carried out for human consumption as well as for use in various industries.

Shrimp Biology

Shrimps are crustaceans belonging to the decapod order, and they are distributed in nearly all saltwater and freshwater bodies worldwide. Depending on their species, shrimps live between 1 to 7 years and range in length from 2 to 25 centimeters. Shrimps have elongated bodies adapted for swimming and living in water. Unlike crabs and lobsters, their legs are thin and less powerful. Shrimps inhabit various ecosystems, including the seabed, lakes, swamps, and rivers. Throughout their lives, shrimps are solitary creatures.

What Are the Nutritional Needs of Shrimp?

In response to the question of what shrimp eat, it can be said that most shrimp are omnivores in nature, feeding on suspended materials in the water, such as algae or plant and animal remains. In the wild, food is usually abundant for shrimp, but in aquariums or farming ponds, due to limited food sources, it is crucial to provide proper nutrition to prevent harm.

One of the key factors affecting shrimp growth and farming is proper feeding. Although shrimp are omnivorous, if not fed adequately, they may change their feeding habits and even engage in cannibalism when hungry. Feeding shrimp is calculated based on their weight and is usually done 4 to 5 times a day according to their needs. In addition to feeding on live food available in the pond, farmed shrimp also require artificial food specifically produced in factories for shrimp farming.

For proper shrimp feeding, you need the following:

• Raw animal or plant materials
• Specially formulated shrimp feed

Some shrimp farmers also mix rice and its by-products with other foods for feeding purposes.

What Are the Feeding Guidelines for Shrimp Farming?

There is no standard guideline for the daily feeding amount in shrimp farming, as it depends on factors like species, size and number of shrimp, water quality, and food properties. The best recommendation for feeding shrimp is to use a demand-based approach. Here are some key points to consider when feeding shrimp:

• Food Quality: Shrimp feed should contain essential nutrients such as proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. The quality of the food has a significant impact on the growth and health of the shrimp. The food should remain stable in water and not decompose quickly.
• Feeding Amount and Timing: The amount of food should be determined based on the weight and number of shrimp. Typically, food is provided in multiple servings throughout the day to ensure consistent feeding. This helps prevent food waste and water pollution.
• Feeding Method: Using feeding trays can help distribute food evenly. Monitoring the amount of food consumed and adjusting it based on the shrimp's needs is essential.
• Monitoring and Control: Continuous monitoring of water quality and the condition of the shrimp is crucial. Factors such as water temperature, oxygen levels, and ammonia levels must be carefully controlled to maintain optimal conditions for shrimp growth.
• Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR): This indicator shows the efficiency of feeding and refers to the amount of food consumed to produce one kilogram of shrimp. A lower FCR indicates good growth and optimal pond conditions

How Can I Start Shrimp Farming?

Starting a shrimp farming business requires careful planning and a solid understanding of the various stages involved. Here are some key steps to help you begin:

• Check Permits and Legal Requirements: One of the most important aspects of investment is ensuring that all legal permits are in place. Ignoring this can result in wasted effort and investment.
• Research and Education: First, gather enough information about shrimp farming. You can use books, online courses, and other resources. Visiting shrimp farms and consulting with experts is also highly valuable.
• Choose a Suitable Location: The farm location should have the right climate, access to both freshwater and saltwater, and suitable land for building ponds. Coastal areas are usually the best option.
• Build Ponds: Depending on the farming method (extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, or super-intensive), you will need to build appropriate ponds. The ponds must have an effective aeration and water filtration system.
• Purchase Juvenile Shrimp: Source shrimp juveniles from reputable centers. The quality of the juvenile shrimp plays a crucial role in the success of the farm.
• Feeding and Management: Shrimp require proper feeding and meticulous management. Using formulated feeds and ensuring water quality are essential factors.
• Monitor and Control Diseases: Diseases can cause significant losses in your shrimp farm, so continuous monitoring and adopting prevention and treatment methods are necessary.
• Marketing and Sales: After harvesting the shrimp, find suitable markets for selling them. You can collaborate with restaurants, stores, and exporters.

Licenses and Certifications for Shrimp Farming

Starting any business may require various licenses and certifications depending on the type of product, objectives, and specific conditions. Some of the required documents for shrimp farming include the following:

• Business license from the Ministry of Security
• License of the Ministry of Health
• license from the Environmental Organization

It is advisable to consult with local authorities and relevant regulatory bodies about the licensing and certification requirements in your area before starting and investing in shrimp farming.

Shrimp Farming Methods

Shrimp farming can be done using various methods, each with its own characteristics and benefits. Below are some common shrimp farming methods:

• Extensive or Natural Farming: In this method, shrimp are farmed in large earthen ponds with minimal water changes. Stocking density is low, typically below five shrimp per square meter.
• Semi-Intensive Farming: This method is conducted in small to medium-sized earthen ponds, with 5–20% daily water exchange. The stocking density ranges from 5 to 25 shrimp per square meter.
• Intensive Farming: In this method, small earthen ponds are used, and 25–100% of the water is changed daily. Stocking density exceeds 25 shrimp per square meter, and formulated feed and artificial aeration are used.
• Super-Intensive Farming: This method is used in areas where water and land resources are critical, with continuous water filtration and treatment. Stocking density ranges from 100 to 300 shrimp per square meter.
• Biofloc System Farming: This system addresses water pollution and the reliance on fish oil and fish meal for shrimp feed. It consists of microscopic particles, including algae, dead organisms, food particles, and bacteria, which serve as a food source for shrimp.

Differences Between Fish and Shrimp Farming

Fish farming and shrimp farming have notable differences. Below are some of the key distinctions:

• Type of Aquatic Species: Fish and shrimp differ biologically and in their environmental needs. Fish are typically raised in freshwater or saltwater, while shrimp are primarily cultivated in brackish or saltwater environments.
• Farming Environment: The ponds used for fish and shrimp farming differ. Shrimp ponds usually require more frequent water changes and more advanced aeration and water filtration systems.
• Feeding: The nutritional needs of fish and shrimp are different. Shrimp require specialized formulated feed that includes both animal and plant proteins, whereas fish may need different types of feed.
• Management and Diseases: The diseases and health challenges in fish and shrimp farming are distinct. Each species requires specific management and monitoring techniques to prevent disease outbreaks.
• Market and Consumption: The market demand and consumption patterns for fish and shrimp differ. Shrimp are often considered a luxury product with higher prices, while fish are viewed as a more affordable and accessible source of protein.

Final Thoughts on Key Aspects of Shrimp Farming

To date, nearly 2,500 species of shrimp have been identified, with around 300 of them being of significant economic importance. Commercial shrimp farming species are typically found in warm saltwater environments, such as the southern waters of Iran, the Persian Gulf, and the Sea of Oman, or they are introduced species common for farming on the southern coasts. Most of these belong to the Penaeidae family.

If you are considering shrimp farming in Iran and need specialized advice on its key aspects, (Nasser Zarringhalam), an experienced shrimp farmer in Iran, can guide you through this rewarding and profitable venture.